Download Health Research Methodology: A Guide for Training in by WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific PDF
By WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
A pragmatic education guide protecting the fundamental recommendations and rules of medical examine, from the choice of goals and examine layout, in the course of the execution of experiences and trials, to the research of knowledge and presentation of results.To accommodate requests from readers to include fresh advancements on examine technique and studies of prior education classes, the handbook has been revised and reissued. The handbook, which might be utilized in education classes or for self-instruction, is designed for younger well-being scientists who're getting all started in learn and wish to appreciate the elemental steps in study layout, together with the way in which a study notion is translated right into a possible learn idea and the stairs that needs to then be taken to enforce the proposed learn. through the guide, ideas and strategies are illustrated with genuine info from examine initiatives interested by universal difficulties within the overall healthiness sciences. The middle of the handbook contains 11 education modules, relocating from an evidence of the fundamental ideas of the medical procedure via suggestion at the layout of epidemiological, experimental, and medical reviews, to chapters facing bias and confounding the size of reliability, value checks, and the institution of organization and causation.
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Additional resources for Health Research Methodology: A Guide for Training in Research Methods (WHO Pacific Regional Office Education in Action Series)
Sample text
Care must be taken to ensure that it satisfies other requirements of epidemiological research, particularly with regard to appropriate sampling, construction of comparison groups, handling of missing data, application of appropriate statistical methods and other prerequisites for a sound research design. 3 Historical (retrospective) cohort studies In a prospective cohort study, the investigators or their substitutes are typically present from the beginning to the end of the observation period. However, it is possible to maintain the advantages of the cohort study without the continuous presence of the investigators, or having to wait a long time to collect the necessary data, through the use of a historical or retrospective cohort study.
For example, if the annual incidence rate for tuberculosis has been steady for some time, and suddenly an increase is noticed in a particular year, studies may be undertaken to identify the causes, and preventive actions instituted. In certain recurrent events, such as the common cold, allergy or asthma, the number of ‘episodes’, rather than the number of ‘cases’ may be used in the numerator. Sometimes the term ‘attack rate’ is used for such rates. (See J. g. g. g. g. vaccination against measles decreased the incidence of measles; relaxation of anti-venereal disease campaigns and an increase in the incidence of VD); - selective migration of susceptible persons to an endemic area.
This is often done through a probabilistic process of random selection of study units. While this process cannot guarantee representativeness in small samples, in the long run the samples are expected to be unbiased and representative of the populations being studied. In health research, we are often interested in comparative experiment, where one or more groups with specific interventions is compared with a group unexposed to interventions (placebo in clinical trials) or exposed to the best treatment currently available.