Download Homology by Novartis Foundation, Brian Hall PDF
By Novartis Foundation, Brian Hall
'Homology' as a concept became more and more elusive throughout the process the twentieth century. The vital debates and controversies hindrance either basic definitions and the character of the factors during which homology is judged. makes an attempt to maneuver clear of comparative morphology to rules in keeping with developmental pathways have tended to founder at the incontrovertible fact that developmental pathways evolve and that related cells or tissues or buildings in animals will frequently have varied developmental origins. using information regarding conserved molecules in probably conserved developmental techniques has additionally confirmed arguable.
In molecular biology, using the time period 'homology' has given upward thrust to extra debate, even though right here the difficulty turns out to contain essentially the standards for assessing even if components of genes are an identical due to shared descent or for different purposes. The contributions to the publication discover those subject matters systematically. There are chapters at the ancient improvement of the idea that of homology and its use in inhabitants reviews. different chapters care for problems with homology in morphological and developmental stories, in behavioural reviews, and particularly in reviews on the point of molecular genetics.
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Extra resources for Homology
Example text
10 F oundat i on s of t h e N e u ron D o c trin e FROM NERVE GLOBULES TO THE CELL THEORY The achromatic microscope was introduced in the mid-1820s. Many of the earliest instruments were of insufficient quality to dispel the disrepute still hanging over microscopy as a science. Such were the observations of Christian Ehrenberg, professor of medicine, in Berlin, in 1833. Ehrenberg has been regarded by some as the discoverer of the nerve cell (cf. Clarke and O’Malley, 1968; Meyer, 1971). His published views of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers were certainly suggestive, but they were replete with water-induced artifacts.
First was the “technological” led by Golgi and, second, a more “theoretical” development by a number of people who first formulated the neuron doctrine on the traces of the first discoveries of Golgi: namely, Fridtjof Nansen, Wilhelm His, August Forel, Wilhelm Waldeyer, Arthur van Gehuchten, and, above all, Ramón y Cajal, the supreme master of neuroscience. From the Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine the field found a pathway toward a unitary vision of brain functioning able to embrace the otherwise fragmented contribution from electrophysiology, neurological clinic, and subsequently biochemistry.
The third factor that has seemed worth emphasizing is the role of institutions. There is a tendency in studying previous work to assume that it took place in an environment of university, departmental, and laboratory support bearing some similarity to that which we have today. In fact, this academic structure did not exist before the early nineteenth century, and its growth was contemporaneous with the development of microscopical work on the nerve cell. And we shall see that the work in this field was one of the driving forces behind institutional growth; the institutions in turn were crucial both for supporting the work and for training new students.