Download Memory, Thinking and Language: Topics in Cognitive by Judith Greene PDF
By Judith Greene
Judith Greene areas conventional subject matters of cognitive psychology in a brand new strategy. She presents a transparent creation to advanced principles, and emphasises their useful software for educating and studying in addition to way of life.
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Extra resources for Memory, Thinking and Language: Topics in Cognitive Psychology (New Essential Psychology)
Example text
Concepts at lower levels in the network are only allocated more idiosyncratic features, the fact that a canary is yellow or an ostrich can’t fly. Unfortunately this ducks the exceptionally tricky issue of how to reconcile the general characteristics of all birds with the special characteristics of particular types of birds. It is not so bad when a particular bird has an extra feature like canaries being able to sing especially good songs, which can be added on to general birdlike features. But what about ostriches which actually contradict the ‘flying’ characteristics of birds?
The ‘bird’ prototype can be thought of as a composite category which reflects typical bird-like features. Prototypes are abstract concepts in the sense that no particular bird may be quite a perfect example of the essence of birdiness. However, some birds are nearer the prototype than others. This would explain why it takes less time to respond to typical birds like A robin is abird than to atypical birds like A penguin is a bird. One consequence of Rosch’s rejection of defining features is that the less typical examples of a category may share some 27 features with a neighbouring concept.
Chairs and tables and standard lamps go naturally together in a furniture shop. Chairs and tables and dogs may be a natural grouping in your sittingroom frame. It is easier, too, to visualize changing a slot as a result of learning from experiences, rather than having to reorganize an entire hierarchy of categories. It is simpler to erase dogs from my personal house frame than to alter their existence as canines in a semantic hierarchy. From all these points of view, frame representations for schemas are more flexible than predefined hierarchies of concepts and features.