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In: Rosai J, Sobin LH (eds) Atlas of tumor pathology. 3rd series, fascicle 6. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, pp 3–63 4. Clayman GL, Gonzalez HE, El-Naggar A, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R (2004) Parathyroid carcinoma: evaluation and interdisciplinary management. Cancer 100:900–905 5. Enewold L, Zhu K, Ron E, Marrogi AJ, Stojadinovic A, Peoples GE, Devesa SS (2009) Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the United States by demographic and tumor characteristics, 1980-2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:784–791 6.
3 Reverse Transcriptase-PCR in the Diagnosis of MTC Thyroid tumors are often diagnosed by cytologic examination of FNAs. In some cases a diagnosis is not possible due to inadequate FNA sampling, poor fixation, or a lack of epithelial cells. To facilitate diagnosis in such cases Takano et al. [155] developed a new molecular technique termed aspiration biopsy-reverse transcriptase-PCR. In this technique, cells left over in the FNA needle are used for reverse transcriptase-PCR of genes specifically expressed in one TC type.
BRAF V660E mutations were found in 38 % of PTCs in an Italian population, with a tendency for the mutation frequency to increase with increasing patient age. 5 DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing has often been employed in BRAF mutation analyses [58, 61]. Although considered the gold standard in molecular testing, especially Sanger sequencing, direct sequencing has several disadvantages: (1) it can be relatively expensive, especially for longer sequences; (2) other techniques such as ASA-PCR and STAT have higher sensitivity; and (3) it can give false results when applied to formalin-fixed tissue [62, 63].