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By G. Tortora, B. Derrickson
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Example text
For example, certain nerve endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes, such as a dramatic drop in temperature. 2. A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Output from the control center typically occurs as 9 nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals. This pathway is called an efferent pathway (EF-er-ent; ef- ϭ away from), since the information flows away from the control center.
An effector (e-FEK-tor) is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. 2 Operation of a feedback system. The dashed return arrow symbolizes negative feedback. The three basic components of a feedback system are the receptor, control center, and effector. Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Increasing or decreasing a Controlled condition that is monitored by Receptors that send Input Nerve impulses or chemical signals to a Control center that receives the input and provides Output There is a return to homeostasis when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal.
The proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them. Because of this, interstitial fluid is often called the body’s internal environment. The composition of interstitial fluid changes as substances move back and forth between it and blood plasma. Such exchange of materials occurs across the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels in the body, the blood capillaries. This movement in both directions across capillary walls provides needed materials, *Appendix A describes metric measurements.