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By David W. Carroll
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Extra info for Psychology of Language
Example text
Frishberg (1975) has claimed that the degree of iconicity has declined in ASL over the past 200 years. An example of this is the sign for home. Originally, this was a combination of two other signs, one for eat and one for sleep. The sign for eat involves holding one’s hand in a cup form near the mouth. The sign for sleep involves laying a flat hand against one’s cheek and tilting the head. Just as each of these individual signs is iconic, so was the original sign for home: eat followed by sleep.
Another way of expressing what PS 1 means is to say that S consists of a NP and a VP. Rule PS 2 means that NPs are rewritten as determiner and noun, with optional adjectives indicated by parentheses placed between the article and the noun. We can now expand each of these items on the left side and ultimately work our way through the entire sentence. The final four rules, called lexical insertion rules, put words into the structure that has been built. The entire sequence of rules that produces the sentence is called a derivation.
The rule would operate under specified conditions but would be blocked when these conditions did not apply. Summary Transformational grammar assumes that sentences have a deep structure and a surface structure. The deep structure is derived by a series of phrase-structure rules, and the surface structure is derived from the deep structure by a series of transformational rules.