Download The Bacterial Cell Surface by Stephen M. Hammond PDF
By Stephen M. Hammond
It is a typical assertion that due to its simplicity the bacterial phone makes an incredible version for the examine of a large choice of organic structures and phenomena. whereas no-one may dispute that a lot of our lower than status of organic functionality derives from the research of the common-or-garden bacterium, the idea that of an easy life-form will be hotly disputed by way of any scientist engaged within the decision of the connection among constitution and serve as in the bacterial phone. micro organism are quite amenable to in depth learn; their body structure should be probed with robust biochemical, genetical and immunological suggestions. every bit of data acquired necessarily increases as many questions as solutions, and will result in a hugely pressured photograph being provided to the lay reader. Nowhere is that this extra obvious than within the research of the outside layers of the bacterial cellphone. exam of the early electron micrographs advised that the bacterial cytoplasm used to be surrounded through a few type of semi-rigid layer, owning enough intrinsic energy to guard the organism from osmotic lysis. the assumption that the outside layers have been really passive ended in their forget, whereas researchers focused on the superficially extra interesting cytoplasmic parts. over the past two decades our view of the bacterial envelope has passed through large revision, revealing a constitution of huge complexity.
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Additional resources for The Bacterial Cell Surface
Example text
Free glycolipid also occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane and the lipoteichoic acid contains the glycolipid which is characteristically found in the organism. It seems reasonable therefore to describe membrane teichoic acids as being covalently linked to the cytoplasmic membrane via the glycolipid component (whereas the wall teichoic acid is covalently linked to the wall via the linkage unit to the muramic acid of the peptidoglycan). The reason for discussing the lipoteichoic acids here is that in intact cells the polyglycerol phosphate chain extends through the wall in such a way that it can be recognised on the cell surface as an antigen.
It appears that no special linkage unit is involved; in some cases the end of the teichuronic acid chain is linked to the 6 position of muramic acid in the peptidoglycan by a phosphodiester group. The occurrence of a single phosphate group in the teichuronic acid/peptidoglycan structure is quite surprising since no other phosphates are involved in either of the polymers. Presumably insertion of the phosphate group to link the polymers is an important step in the biosynthetic sequence by which control over wall assembly is exerted.
Lipoteichoic acids appear to inhibit autolysins in a non-specific manner which is related to their acidic, amphipathic nature (acidic phospholipids such as diphosphatidylglycerol behave in a similar way). During growth and division some lipoteichoic acid is excreted into the medium and this free, extracellular material probably 44 Walls of Gram-positive Bacteria protects the cells against the action of external lytic enzymes. A third property concerns the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces. Lipoteichoic acid is one of a number of wall-associated polymers (including polysaccharides and proteins) which can playa part in assisting the cells to adhere to surfaces.