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By Swinnerton H.H.

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In all probability, much smaller steel castings were made before the bells were cast, because it is difficult to believe that such large castings would be attempted without considerable previous experience. The steel church bell castings were displayed at various expositions throughout Europe and created quite a sensation because of their fine, clear tones and the fact that their selling price was about half that of the bronze bells formerly in general use. In a park outside of Bochum, one of the early steel church bells is enshrined as a marker of steel casting history.

The full possibilities of iron became far better understood during this century, and gray iron was found to be the most versatile and diverse of all cast metals. As a result, the use of iron for castings was vastly increased, even though malleable iron, chilled iron, and finely cast steel were also tremendously advanced during this period. The world was approaching the highly mechanized state in which we now find it, and the iron family and its older nonferrous relatives were destined to play vital roles in that mechanization.

Merchant pig iron producers, relieved of the duties of casting metals, went on the achieve the highly specialized skill that today is theirs. Foundrymen, on the other hand, provided with a ready and reliable supply of scrap of pig iron, were able to control with greater certainty many of the variables that had proved uncontrollable. In 1850, another important improvement was made in the cupola--the drop bottom--without which not efficient cupola could operate today. This innovation, so familiar to modern iron foundrymen, seems to have marked the beginning of modern cupola design; further developments occurred in rapid succession (see the article "Melting Furnaces: Cupolas" in this Volume).

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