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By Kuter D.J., Li J.

The thrombopoietin receptor, c-mpl, is a member of the hematopoietin/cytokine receptor superfamily and includes duplicated hematopoietin receptor domain names (HRD). The proximal HRD is liable for receptor dimerization and consequent sign transduction and the distal HRD may well keep an eye on its motion. The thrombopoietin receptor is located on many hematopoietic progenitors yet is basically stumbled on on megakaryocytes and platelets. The platelet receptor is of excessive binding affinity (120-200pM) yet low floor density (30-60 websites in step with cell). Receptor binding through thrombopoietin ends up in the promoting of mobile growth/cellular differentiation, the prevention of apoptosis, and the internalization and degradation of the receptor-ligand advanced. lack of the distal HRD by way of fusion with the murine leukemia virus env protein ends up in unregulated expression of c-wpl and a myeloproliferative syndrome in mice. Mice poor within the thrombopoietin receptor produce 10-15% as many megakaryocytes and platelets as wild-type mice but additionally have 25-35% the traditional variety of erythroid and myeloid progenitors regardless of common peripheral pink and white blood telephone counts. No human abnormalities of c-mpl have not begun been defined and healing use of the soluble receptor has no longer but been proven.

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Once a 16:9 asset has been letterboxed, it becomes a 4:3 asset with black bars along the top and bottom of the video image. If you flag letterboxed source video as 16:9 video when encoding it, you will have problems when you play it back later. Book Page 51 Thursday, July 17, 2003 2:34 PM Using Pan-Scan to Display 16:9 Video The pan-scan method of displaying 16:9 video on a 4:3 monitor was developed as a compromise between letterbox, which displays all the video content, but with black areas at the top and bottom, and the only other alternative: filling the entire 4:3 screen, but cropping some of the content.

The I-frame is the only type of MPEG frame that can stand by itself, without requiring information from other frames in the GOP. Every GOP contains one I-frame, although it does not have to be the first frame of the GOP. I-frames are the least efficient MPEG frame type, requiring the most disc space. Markers on a DVD track can be placed only at I-frames. m P-frames are encoded from a “predicted” picture based on the closest preceding I- or Pframe. P-frames are also known as reference frames, since neighboring B- and P-frames can reference them.

DVD Studio Pro works with either type in single-angle titles, and requires closed GOPs with multi-angle and mixed-angle titles. It is important to know that the same pattern can provide different results when used with an open or closed GOP. For example, the QuickTime MPEG Encoder uses a closed GOP type, and it starts its IBBP pattern with an I-frame. Other encoders using an open GOP may start with a B-frame. In this case, starting with a B-frame is a little more efficient; if you start with an I-frame, an extra P-frame must be added to the end (a GOP cannot end with a B-frame).

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