Download Why Science Matters: Understanding the Methods of by Robert W. Proctor PDF
By Robert W. Proctor
Why technology concerns: figuring out the equipment of mental examine rises above regular examine equipment texts by way of proposing an up to date view of up to date mental technological know-how because it is at present understood and practiced.
- Explores not just the procedural points of mental examine, but in addition delves into the difficulty of the way to complete potent science.
- Explicates how hypotheses and theories are to be evaluated.
- Suggests that the right kind method of devising and comparing theories is by way of abduction, now not via induction or deduction alone.
- Incorporates new investigatory techniques, present methodologists, conflicts and matters, implications of the philosophy of technology, and a full of life prose style.
- Provides an image of technology that might have interaction scholars and extend their talents as either scientists and psychologists.
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Extra resources for Why Science Matters: Understanding the Methods of Psychological Research
Example text
Because the statement is also clearly not an analytic one, that is, one that is true by definition, we would have to say that it is nonsense. In other words, anything that is in principle observable, but not observable at a given time, would have to be classified by the logical positivists as nonsense, which does not seem reasonable. As a more contemporary example, physicists who postulate string theory as a means of bringing together relativity theory and quantum mechanics would be seen by the logical positivists as engaging in nonsense because, at the moment, there is no way that strings can be directly observed (Greene, 1999).
Consider logic first. If one suggests that all Xs are Ys, and then stipulates that this X before me is not a Y, then the general proposition that all Xs are Ys has been falsified. But, notice that in this example no empirical content is specified. Once one brings empirical considerations into the equation, the certainty that attaches to falsification in the logical realm is no longer applicable. For example, if the generalization is that all crows are black, and the specific instance is that this bird before me is a crow but is not black, one is obliged to demonstrate that the bird before me is actually a crow.
In short, Darwin’s theory required, for the sort of evolution being postulated, a much older earth than the then contemporary physics supplied. This could be considered a falsification of Darwin’s theory. Darwin, of course, knew, on the basis of the contemporary physics of his time, that the earth was considered to be too young to support his conjectures about evolution, but nevertheless put forward his theory anyway. As it turned out, it was the physics that was wrong and not Darwin’s theory. 5 billion years is old enough to support Darwin’s theory.