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By Walter Benz
This booklet relies on actual internal product areas X of arbitrary (finite or endless) size more than or equivalent to two. With common houses of (general) translations and normal distances of X, euclidean and hyperbolic geometries are characterised. For those areas X additionally the field geometries of Möbius and Lie are studied (besides euclidean and hyperbolic geometry), in addition to geometries the place Lorentz adjustments play the most important position. The geometrical notions of this booklet are in accordance with normal areas X as defined. this means that still mathematicians who've now not up to now been particularly attracted to geometry could research and comprehend nice rules of classical geometries in sleek and basic contexts.Proofs of more moderen theorems, characterizing isometries and Lorentz changes less than light hypotheses are integrated, like for example countless dimensional models of well-known theorems of A.D. Alexandrov on Lorentz ameliorations. a true gain is the dimension-free method of very important geometrical theories. merely necessities are uncomplicated linear algebra and easy 2- and three-dimensional genuine geometry.
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Example text
22) since distances are invariant under motions. Let l1 , l2 be lines through s with l1 ⊥ l2 . 26) in the hyperbolic case. 23)). 26) we may assume s = 0 by applying a suitable motion. As we already know, l1 ⊥ l2 is in this case equivalent with a1 a2 = 0. 26) is given for s = 0 by 1 + a21 1 + a22 − a1 a2 = 1 + a21 1 + a22 . Proposition 15. Let l be a line and a ∈ l a point. Then there exists exactly one line g through a with g ⊥ l. Proof. Hyperbolic case. Without loss of generality we may assume a = 0.
21) Because of the inequality of Cauchy–Schwarz, (ξ1 , ξ2 , ξ3 ) must be in K. 19) holds true. 21), x2 = x20 , y 2 = y02 , xy = x0 y0 . 23) √ If x = 0, take, by step A, γ ∈ O (X) with γ (y) = y e = ξ2 e. e. 22). So assume x = 0 and take γ ∈ O (X) with γ (x) = x · e = e · ξ1 = x0 . 22) for x = 0, namely by ω = γ −1 τ . 21), ξ1 = x20 , ξ2 = y 2 = γ (y) 2 = z 2 , ξ3 = xy = γ (x) γ (y) = x0 z. 11. A common characterization 23 In the case z = y0 , take τ = id. 23), y = 0. Also here put τ = id. So we may assume z = y0 = 0.
The g-lines of the metric spaces Σ, Σ coincide. Every Menger line of Σ contains exactly two distinct elements. M. Blumenthal, because x (ξ) − x (η) = |ξ − η|, for all ξ, η ∈ R, 1 + x (ξ) − x (η) cannot be true for ξ = 1 and η = 0. Theorem 7. Let Σ be one of the metric spaces (X, eucl), (X, hyp). Then l (a, b) = g (a, b) for all a = b of X, where l (a, b) designates the Menger line through a, b. Proof. If g (a, b), a = b, is a g-line, then x ∈ X is in g (a, b) if, and only if, ∀z∈X [d (a, z) = d (a, x)] and [d (b, z) = d (b, x)] imply z = x.