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By Paul A Putnam
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The essen tial nutrients include at least 20 mineral elements, 13 vitamins, 10 to 12 amino acids, and one fatty acid (linoleic). In addition to the above nutri ents, animals need oxygen ( 0 2 ) , supplied by the air they breathe, carbon (C) for carbohydrates, fats or protein, nitrogen (N) from protein, amino acids or certain other N-containing compounds, and sulfur (S) from protein or sulfur-amino acids. Next to oxygen, water is the most critical need of the body. Most mature animals can survive for weeks without food but only a few days without water.
Later developments leading to the discov ery of vitamin B-12, including the extrisic factor of W. B. Castle (1928), which was active in controlling pernicious anemia, are shown in Table 9. Cobalt, the central ion in vitamin B-12, was shown to be a dietary essen tial for ruminants in 1935 by Underwood and others in Australia. The demonstration in 1928 by Hart et al. that copper was necessary for iron utilization in hemoglobin formation illustrates the interrelationships of these nutrients in metabolism.
Found that lambs, and Loosli and Wallace reported that calves, responded favorably to Au reomycin. McGinnis et al. observed responses of turkey poults in 1952. Many researchers soon confirmed these findings. Favorable results were noted with most animal species studied except ducks and guinea pigs (National Research Council, 1965). As more antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents were developed and used, the federal Food and Drug Administration began to regulate the use of these substances (Siegmund, 1979).