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By Ralph Baergen
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Extra info for Historical Dictionary of Epistemology (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements)
Example text
His is one of the few sense-data approaches that rejected the foundationalist structure endorsed by Bertrand Russell, A. J. Ayer, and others of that period. Russell Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was influenced by the realism of G. E. Moore and the early work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, with the result that his own views further explored propositions, sense data, and the nature xliv • INTRODUCTION of knowledge. He is particularly noted for his distinction between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance.
1100), this search led him to regard sense perception and reasoning as prone to error and certainty as dependent on divine grace. See also REVELATION. ALGORITHM. A finite procedure for generating an appropriate symbolic output from a symbolic input such that no step of the procedure requires any understanding or insight. The Church–Turing thesis states that an algorithm comprises a finite instruction set; a computational system for computing in accordance with those instructions, including methods for computing, storing, and recalling information; and computations that are carried out in a determinate, discrete, and stepwise fashion.
Furthermore, because the primary qualities can be measured and quantified, they can be known by an intuition of the intellect. Our ideas of secondary qualities, however, are not clear and distinct, so we cannot be assured that external objects resemble these ideas. Aristotle’s approach of founding knowledge claims on arguments was influential here. Descartes’s foundationalism adapts the system of intuitions and deductions, then in use in mathematics and geometry, to philosophy. A belief qualifies as knowledge if one can show that it is the product of a series of deductions all of whose premises can be traced back to indubitable foundations.