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Furthermore, parts of palace complexes that now consist of overgrown piles of rubble await archaeological exploration. On their arrival in the Deccan, the armies of the Delhi sultans encountered a longstanding tradition of military architecture. The chiselling of the sides of the great basalt hill that forms the dramatic focus of the Devagiri citadel had already been completed at this time; so too the concentric rings of granite fortiWcations at Warangal. Ramparts at these and other pre-Sultanate sites, such as Raichur, have walls with quadrangular bastions constructed of long stone slabs laid without any mortar.

The three most powerful dynasties of Deccan kings were the Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar, the Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Qutb Shahis of Golconda. Their territories more or less coincided with the Marathi, Kannada and Telugu countries. Lesser rulers were the Imad Shahis based at Wrst at Gavilgad, capital of Berar on the north-eastern fringe of the Deccan, and the Baridis who governed from Bidar in continuation after the Bahmanis. Another state is Khandesh, located 9 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 a rc h it e ct u r e a n d a r t o f th e de c ca n s u l ta n a t e s between the Tapti and Narmada on the northern periphery of the Deccan.

Finely worked stone steps run the full width of these halls, while similarly treated elements indicate regularly spaced columns, presumably in timber and now lost. Subsidiary side chambers have walls punctuated by arched recesses, but the polychrome tiled panels are now mostly lost. The side chamber with a complicated plan in the Takht Mahal is identiWed as a throne room. This is entered through a lofty portal dominated by a pointed arched recess in the typical Timurid manner. Wall panels and arched recesses are deWned by thin strips of dark-coloured basalt.