Download Mankind Beyond Earth: The History, Science, and Future of by Claude A. Piantadosi PDF

By Claude A. Piantadosi

Trying to reenergize Americans’ ardour for the gap software, the price of extra exploration of the Moon, and the significance of humans at the ultimate frontier, Claude A. Piantadosi provides a wealthy background of yankee house exploration and its significant achievements. He emphasizes the significance of reclaiming nationwide command of our manned software and carrying on with our unmanned house missions, and he stresses the numerous adventures that also look ahead to us within the unfolding universe. Acknowledging house exploration’s sensible and monetary stumbling blocks, Piantadosi demanding situations us to revitalize American management in house exploration to be able to achieve its medical bounty. Piantadosi explains why house exploration, an enthralling tale of ambition, invention, and discovery, is additionally more and more tough and why area specialists constantly appear to disagree. He argues that the way forward for the gap application calls for merging the practicalities of exploration with the restrictions of human biology. house technological know-how bargains with the unknown, and the margin (and price range) for blunders is small. deadly near-vacuum stipulations, lethal cosmic radiation, microgravity, sizeable distances, and hugely scattered assets stay titanic actual difficulties. To forge forward, the United States must increase reasonable area transportation and versatile exploration options dependent in sound technological know-how. Piantadosi closes with feedback for reaching those objectives, combining his fit skepticism as a scientist with an unshakable trust in space’s untapped—and thoroughly worthwhile—potential.

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Additional info for Mankind Beyond Earth: The History, Science, and Future of Human Space Exploration

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Indb 28 10/12/12 9:41 AM A S PA C E L E X I C O N cosmic radiation. An atmosphere is any envelope of gas surrounding a planet or contained within an artificial environment such as a pressurized airliner, submarine, or spacecraft. Science fiction writers often pretend that we can be moved like tropical fish in a plastic bag of water from one aquarium to another, but it’s more complicated than that: we have tight constraints for barometric pressure, temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pollution.

Similarly, over time, the resistance of the crew to cosmic radiation could be augmented. indb 35 10/12/12 9:41 AM HINDSIGHT AND FORESIGHT Agents such as cosmic radiation and toxic chemicals can lead to adaptive or maladaptive (injury) responses. Composite responses may be confusing, and subsequent adaptations can be difficult to tell from maladaptive effects of injury or disease. Some physical changes, like genetic mutations, may be permanent but go undetected for years. The classical example is radiation exposure, which produces cancer-causing mutations as well as mutations in germ cells passed along to progeny.

2010). This variant is a point mutation, or SNP, in a gene called EPAS1. SNP is an acronym for single nucleotide polymorphism, the substitution of a single DNA base in the genetic code, and SNPs can significantly alter the function of the protein encoded for by the gene. EPAS1 encodes a transcription factor, a protein that promotes the expression of one or more other genes. The EPAS1 transcription factor regulates genes that are involved mainly in the response to changes in the amount of O2 available to the body.

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