Download The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ’Abd by Khalid Y. Blankinship PDF
By Khalid Y. Blankinship
Stretching from Morocco to China, the Umayyad caliphate dependent its growth and good fortune at the doctrine of jihad—armed fight to say the full earth for God’s rule, a fight that had introduced a lot fabric luck for a century yet all at once flooring to a halt by means of the cave in of the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE. the top of the Jihad country demonstrates for the 1st time that the reason for this cave in got here not only from inner clash, as has been claimed, yet from a couple of exterior and concurrent components that handed the caliphate’s capability to reply.
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Extra resources for The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ’Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
Example text
First was the primitive state of the Prophet and the early caliphs, which was nondynastic, followed by the Sufyanids*, followed by the wholly different rule of their cousins, the Marwanids*. Only the fourth expansion saw a continuation of the same Marwanid* ruling group that had dominated the third. This successful carryover of the third expansion's overseers into the fourth period was perhaps a factor in the violent destruction of the Marwanids* in the disastrous civil wars that followed the fourth and final expansion, for they faithfully kept to the outmoded policy of expansion on all fronts for too long.
The first was swallowed whole by the Muslim caliphate, while the second was' shorn of its disaffected and alien Near Eastern provinces. Significantly as well, control of the Mediterranean Sea was wrested from the Byzantines at Dhat* al-Sawari* in 34/655, a feat which put those opponents of the Muslims on the defensive until 58-65/678-85, for the defense of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople ultimately depended upon naval forces. These early Muslim conquests were greatly facilitated by the quick collapse of the previous non-Muslim regimes, which were apparently not popular with most of their subjects, at least not in the areas taken over by the Muslims.
Thus, on coming to power, Hisham* found many areas which had been only recently annexed and never fully pacified. Indeed, it is likely that the mountainous recesses of farther North Africa, like those of Tabaristan*, Zabulistan* (Central Afghanistan) and Makran*, remained virtually untouched by Muslim campaigns in spite of their nominal inclusion in the Islamic state on the map. The administration of the caliphate's vast territory had been developing for a century by the time of Hisham*. Though there is little information for the earliest period, it is reasonable to assume that the provincial administration of the Islamic state began by keeping to the arrangements of the defunct Byzantine and Sasanian* regimes.