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By Stephen E. Braude

'Braude's examine deals a load of facts from a clean sector exhibiting how tricky it's to get a decent listening to for deviant phenomena and the way comp1iant the version of technology really is. i am extremely joyful to work out it in print. Braude is definitely one of many best-informed and such a lot readable philosophical courses, and his ebook bargains the main orderly access into the inevitable quarrels. The anecdotal fabric is basically interesting. yet Braude's cautious speculations approximately its concerning causality and empirical affirmation are much more interesting and lots more and plenty extra important.' - Joseph Margolis, Temple college

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The literature on apparitions also displays an impressive degree of internal coherence, and perhaps most importantly, not of the sort one would have expected (see Gurney, Myers, and Podmore, 1886; and Tyrrell, 1942/1961). One might argue, following West (1948), that similarity in reports of apparitions might be explained in much the same way as we account for similarity in descriptions of ghosts found in popular fiction - namely, as due to widely­ diffused ideas about what ghosts should be like.

Physics may be as irrelevant to parapsychology as it is to psychology (see also J. Fodor, 1975, 1981). Moreover, as Nancy Cartwright (1980a, 1980b) has recently observed, many, if not most, scientific laws are approximations, based on ideal cases and oversimplified boundary conditions (including single causes), and as such do not strictly apply to real­ life situations (which at very least usually include multiple causes). So even if vital, volitional, or cognitive phenomena fall within the domain of physics, the laws of physics may still apply (strictly speaking) only to cases far less complex than any into which those organic phenomena enter.

After all, both humans and rocks, if thrown from a building, will obey the laws of gravitation. But humans may also be described with respect to psychological regularities, such as manipulativeness, optimism, the tendency to be intimidated by intellectuals, and the inability to sustain a meaningful relationship. In these cases, there are totally 18 The importance of non-experimental evidence persuasive reasons for thinking that the associated levels of description have no further analysis or underlying structure, and that the regularities lie beyond the domain of physics (I discuss this issue in more detail in Chapter 4, and in Braude, 1979, 1983).

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