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Extra resources for Understanding International Relations
Example text
However, the key realist of the period was Hans J. Morgenthau, a German-Jewish emigre to the United States in the 1930s who published a series of books in the 1940s and 1950s, the most influential of which was Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, a book which was to become the standard textbook on International Relations for a generation or more (Morgenthau 1948). There were two major differences between Morgenthau and Carr. In the first place, Morgenthau, influenced partly by figures such as Niebuhr, partly by his own experiences in the 1930s, saw the mainspring of realism as lying not in scarcity, a product of the human condition, but in sin, a product of human nature.
The consequences of this blow were felt in particular with respect to support for the League of Nations and the rule of law. The basic premise of liberal internationalism was that the force of world opinion would buttress the League of Nations and that no state would be able to act against this force. The point of collective security under the League was to prevent wars not to fight them. The League's cumbersome procedures would act as a brake to prevent a nation that had, as it were, temporarily taken leave of its senses from acting rashly international disputes would be solved peacefully because that was what the people really wanted.
On the liberal view, international politics are no more based on a 'zero-sum' game than are international economics; national interests are always reconcilable. The liberal belief in a natural harmony of interests led as a matter of course to a belief in the value of education. Education was seen as a means of combating the ignorance that is the main cause of a failure to see interests as harmonious, and thereby can be found one of the origins of International Relations as an academic discipline.